天才一秒记住【热天中文网】地址：https://www.rtzw.net
Thequasarswehavebeendisgsofarareallsupermassiveblackholesthatlieatthetresofactivegalaxies.However，itturnsoutthatthereisanotherclassofobjectsthatbehaveverysimilarlybutareonamuch，muchsmallerscale.Theselowermassblackholesbeobservedrathere，iedwithinourownMilkyWayGalaxy，andtheyarecalledmicroquasars'.Althoughthedifferenscalesizeisvast，microquasarsinalaxyaragalacticquasarsatthetresalaxiesarebothsourajetshysicalproperties.Bothofthesearethoughttobepoweredbythegravitationalinfallofmatterontoablackhole.Intheicroquasar，theblackholehasamassparablewiththatoftheSun.Inthecaseofapowerfulextragalacticquasar，themassofitsblackholebeahundredmilliontimeslargerthanthemassofourSun.Asfarastheastrophysicistised，animportantadvahelocalexamplesisthatbeinglessmassive，theyevolvemuchmorerapidly，ontimescalesofdaysratherthanmilliohecaseofquasars.heless，asinthecaseofquasars，thejetswhicharesquirtedoutfromreofalltheactivityarelaunoutsidetheeventhorizon，andverylikelyfromtheiheadisc.
eismsareatplay，andthereisn'tasimplerelatiohespeedatwhichajetislauhemassoftheblackholewithwhichitisassothethejetsintheblaicroquasarcalledusX-3thereareoswhewhichthejetplasmamovesawayfromtheblackholearefoundtovary.Thishasbeeime-lapseastrosinwhichobservationsatsuccessivetimesallowustodetermithejetplasmaishurtlingawayfromtheviityoftheblaeasurementshaveshownononeothejetspeedtobe81%ofthespeedoflightwhereasfouryearslatertobe67%ofthatspeed.Thereishatthejetspeedismerelyredugwithtime，siasspeedsinthismicroquasarappeartohavebeenwitnessedonanumberofossisdiscjetspeedsseemtocharaotherwellknownmicralaxy，calledSS433，thatIshalldesmoredetailbelow.Thejetspeedinthismicroquasarseemstogequiteabitaswell，iywherebetween20and30%ofthespeedoflightoverjustafe>
&yofsymmetry
Figure23sheofSS433，amicralaxy，whichisamere18，000light-yearsdistantfromus.Thestrikingzigzagcorkscrewpatterureoftheplasmajetsastheyappeartousontheplaheindividualbolidesofplasmathatmakeupthejetsaremovingattremevarybetween20and30%ofthespeedoflight.Thediresalongwhichthebvarieswithtimeinaverypersistentlyperiodifacttheaxisalongwhichthejetsarelaunchedpremuchthesamewayasdoesthepaddleofakayakist，intheframeofreferehekayak，exesohanseveralseds.Thissamebehaviourisapparentlytakileastsure21）albeitinthatsuotionthatpropriatelytime-samplethegestakingplace.
&ailedappearahezigzagcorkscrewpatternontheskydepehephysisofthebolides，aswellasthetimewheionismade.Oheremarkablefeaturesofthejetsistheirsymmetry:thephysisofthepoheeasterareequalandoppositetothosei:whenonebolideofplasmaisat28%ofthespeedoflight，sotooisitsterpartiely-directedjet;foradifferentbolideofplasmamovingat22%ofthespeedoflight，sotoowillitsterpartiely-directedjet.Thefaejetappearstohaveazigzagstructurewhiletheotherappearstohavearatherdifferentcorkscrewpatternisaceofthejetplasmaalwaysmovingatspeedsparablewiththespeedoflight，andwell-kicaberrationsthatodersuchces.ThepowerradiatedbythismicroquasarisrathermodestrelativetothatalacticquasarbutitisstillvastinparisontothepoweroftheSunwhichseemssomeuny，havingatotalluminosityofonly4x1026watts，afactorofahuhousahatradiatedfromthemicrure23.
23.ThejetsofthemicroquasarSS433astheyappearatradiowavelengths.
&launch
TheVirgoClusterisaclusterofwelloverathousaoverfiftymillioantfromtheMilkyWay.AtitsheartisagiantgalaxycalledM87（aionofMessier87，listedialogueproducedbytheFrenerCharlesMessier）.And，atitsheart，isasupermassiveblackholewhosemassisthreebillioofourSuingfromthisisastrhtjet，asshowninFigure24.
24.Ajetofplasmasquirtedoutatspeedsclosetothatoflight，fromthesupermassiveblackholeattheheartoftheM87galaxy.
Thisjetisreadilyvisibleatopticalwavelengths，atradiowavelengths，andatX-raywavelengths.ItisthoughtthattheinfalliesatarateoftwotothreeSun'sworthofmassperyear，oralnucleuswhereaiondiscofthesortdesChapter6isthoughttobeatwork.Thespeedatwhichthisjetpropagatesawayfromitslaunt，likelyattheiregioiondisc，isveryclosetothespeedoflight，aoitasarelativisticjet.JetspeedsclosetothespeedoflightarerevealedbysuccessivemwiththeVLBAiIintroduChapter7，andtheHubbleSpaceTelesddraX-raysatelliteswhichareeachaboveEarth'satmosphereandthusattaiivitythaniftheywereontheground.At50millionlight-yearsfromEarthamovingatthespeedoflightwouldmoveacrosstheskyatfourmilli-ardsperyear.Whenwesiderthatanardis13600ofadegree，thenfour-thousandthsofthismaysouiomeasure，butsuchseparationsareeasilyresolvablewithaheVLBA.TheVLBAhasalreadyimagedthebaseofthisjettowithihanaboutthirtySchwarzschildradiiofitssupermassiveblackhole.
Figure25sholeofthelobesandplumesofradioemittingplasmafedbytherelativistithesupermassivebla87.
Bywayoffurtherillustrationthatexpansivelobesareassociatedwithrelativisticjets，Figure26sholethatextends6degreesacrossthesky，andisshowntogiveasenseofscalewithrespecttothetelescopearrayusedtomaketheobservatioelescope，usedbyIlanaFeainandhercolleagues，wastheAustraliaTelespactArray.
Themeismsbywhichrelativisticjetsarelauheviityofablaainmuchclosertojetoadallreaso.heless，variousilinesofreseartirelyieamsbasediriesaroundtheworldseemtobeimplyingthatthepreponderanceofevidethebasigdetailsarecorredthebroadpicture，however，themeismsaailedfungarejectural，butbeiedamidioios.Proofdoesn'tbeloevidenceverymuchdoes.Wearehinderedbethemostadvangteiquesdeployedtodayotseparateahesmallestregiooftheenergyisreleased，butthisiswherenumericalsimulationsonpowerfulputerssdthelimitationsoftteology.Isfromsimulatiolaunadiscsthatfullyatfeyeffectsarejustbeingpublished.Thesesimulations，withknownisandaxioms，allowjetsanddiscstoevolvetosize-scaleswheretheirpropertiesfrostate-of-the-artobservations.
25.Theradio-emittiarefedbytherelativistiatingoutofthesupermassiveblackholeatthe87galaxy.
SoknowaboutthemassesofblackholesintheUseemsthattheyfallintotwomai，thosethathavemassessimilartothoseofstars.ThesestellarmassblaeiweenarouytimesthemassofourSuarsthathaveburheirfuel.
26.positepictureshotiooraliaTelespactArray，andaradioimageoftaurusA.
&herearethesupermassiveblackholeswhichgoallthetoabouttenbillionsolarmasses.Aswehavediscussed，thesearefouresofgalaxiesingourooheextraordinarypheivegalaxiesandquasars.
&alkedaboutthingsfallingintoablackhole，butenswhenablackholefallsintoablackhole?Thisisnotanabstractquestioisknownthatblackholebinariesexist.Insuchobjectstwoblackholesareinorbitarouher.Itisthoughtthat，beissionofgravitationalradiation，theblackholesinabinarywillbegintolyandspiraliher.Iagesofthisspiralliivityispushedtpointandtheblackholessuddeoasingleblackholewithaohorizon.TheehemergeroftwosupermassiveblackholesinabiaggeriiallymorethaiarsinthevisibleUofthisenergyisdumpedintogravitationallesiureofspacetime，whichpropagateacrosstheUhespeedoflight.Thehuntisonforevidehesewaves.Theideaisthatasagravitationalassesbyamaterialobject，likealongrod，itslengthwillfluctuateupanddoplesiimecurvatureflhit.Ifyoumeasurethesetihges，usingateiquesuchaslaseriheamethodtodetectgravitationalroducedelsewhereintheUhground-andspace-basedgravitatioors，examplesofwhichhavebeenbuiltandmoreoflaentialtopialsfromblaergers.Infact，gravitationalwavesaresodifficulttodetectthatyouroohaveanyceofsuchexperimentsw，andablaergerishighoofdidatesforsugsources.Atthetimeravitationalwaveshavelydetected，buttheexperimentsareongoing.
Ourbesttheravity，whiEinstein'sgeheoryofrelativity，hassurvivedtlesstestssisdis1915.Ithasbeenshoweragreemehaon'stheorywhichitsupplanted.Heyisevergoieduptoitslimits，youfideblackholeswillprovetobetheultimatetestinggroundofthisodernphysics.WheregravityisthemostihesmallestregioquasshouldbeimportalywheregeymightbreakdowmightalsobethatgeybreaksdestheUniverse.Ofcourse，ahottopicatpreseenessofgeytoexplaiedexpansionoftheUhelargestscales.Possibledeviationsawayfromgeyarebeingdiswithacceleratedexpansiy.Ifgravitatioeergersofblackholes，orifobservatioendofthefualphysicswhichotheviityofthesefasgobjethere'sagoodcethatwewillbeabletoseehowwellEinstein'stheoryholdsuporwhetheritobereplaethingnew.
Whydowestudyblackholes?
Thereareanumberofreasatingblackholesatheyopeionofphysicsparameterspacethatisotherwisesimplyihebudgetsofeveional.Blasrepreseremeelore，andassuchprobetheextremesofphysics.Theybrihgeyandquantumphysicswhoseunifihasbeenadremainsverymutierofphysics.Asedreasonisthattryiandblaenaarousesfasisandmanythoughtfullaypeople，aebylebestimulatedbysdmotivatedtolearnaboutthealmightymagheUniversearoundus.Athirdandperhapssurprisingreasohlyspin-offs.Howcouldblackholeresearceivablygeourlives?Theaithasalreadydoneso.AsItypethesefihislittlebookintomylaptop，itsimultaneouslybacksupmyworkontomyUyserverviathe802.11WiFiprotocol.Thisintridcleverteergeddirectlyoutofasearchforapartiature，atradiowavelengths，ofexplodingblackholesledbyRoestamodelsuggestedby（nowAstronomerRoyal，Lord）MartinRees.IngeniineersinAustralia，ledbyJohnO'Sullivan，inthecourseofdevisinginterferencesuppressionalgorithmsforthetriessofdetegsubtlesignalsfromdistantspacerealizedthatthesecouldbeappliedtotransformunihereoh.Blackholesthereforehavethepowertorewritephysiviginatioioeology.Therearemanyspin-offsfromblackholes-waybeyohorizons.
本章未完，请点击下一章继续阅读！若浏览器显示没有新章节了，请尝试点击右上角↗️或右下角↘️的菜单，退出阅读模式即可，谢谢！